The court found there are sufficient grounds to believe Duterte played a key role in killings linked to the “war on drugs” carried out during his presidency from 2016 to 2022, as well as earlier operations during his time as mayor of Davao City.

The charges include multiple counts of murder and attempted murder, with prosecutors arguing that the alleged crimes were part of a broader and systematic campaign. While the case highlights selected incidents, it is tied to a wider pattern of violence that resulted in thousands of deaths.

Duterte, who has consistently defended the campaign as necessary to combat crime, has challenged the court’s authority and rejected the allegations against him.

The confirmation of charges marks a crucial step in the ICC process, allowing the case to move forward to trial. The proceedings are expected to draw international attention as they test the court’s mandate to hold leaders accountable for serious crimes under international law.

Human rights advocates and victims’ families have welcomed the development, viewing it as an important move toward justice and accountability.